Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __________ communication.
答案是：教师释疑：
verbal
Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.
答案是：教师释疑：
metalingual functionn
Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the __________ theor
答案是：教师释疑：
yo-he-ho
Linguistics is the __________ study of language.
答案是：教师释疑：
scientific
One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.
答案是：教师释疑：
speechh
The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.
答案是：教师释疑：
diachronic linguistic
Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members o
答案是：教师释疑：
languee
Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __________.
答案是：教师释疑：
competence
Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.
答案是：教师释疑：
voiced, voiceless, voicedd
Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is p
答案是：教师释疑：
friction
The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.
答案是：教师释疑：
tonguee
One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second
答案是：教师释疑：
height
Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.
答案是：教师释疑：
obstructionn
In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is
答案是：教师释疑：
pairs
In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through int
答案是：教师释疑：
diphthongss
__________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.
答案是：教师释疑：
Coarticulation
__________ is the smallest linguistic unit.
答案是：教师释疑：
Phonemess
Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __
答案是：教师释疑：
air
Define phoneme.
答案是：教师释疑：
phonological
Explain the differences between registers and regional/social dialects. Give examples if necessary.
答案是：教师释疑：
same
What are the four criteria for classifying English vowels. (4 points)
答案是：教师释疑：
position
Explain complementary distribution with an example.
答案是：教师释疑：
situation
The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.
答案是：教师释疑：
Case
__________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one wayy or another and contribute to
答案是：教师释疑：
Parameterss
Case Grammar
答案是：教师释疑：
Case Grammar: It is an approach that stresses the relationship of elements in a sentence. It is a type of generative grammar developed by C. J. Fillmore in the late 1960s.
LAD
答案是：教师释疑：
LAD: LAD, that is Language Acquisition Device, is posited by Chomsky in the 1960s as a device effectively present in the minds of children by which a grammar of their native language is constructed.
Suprasegmental feature
答案是：教师释疑：
Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.
Sound assimilation
答案是：教师释疑：
Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)
_________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each oth
答案是：教师释疑：
Adjacency
Major lexical categories are __________ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.
答案是：教师释疑：
openn
Proposition
答案是：教师释疑：
Proposition: It is the result of the abstraction of sentences, which are descriptions of states of affairs and which some writers see as a basic element of sentence meaning. For example, the two sentences “Caesar invaded Gaul” and “Gaul was invaded by Caesar” hold the same proposition.
Entailment
答案是：
教师释疑：
Entailment: It is basically a semantic relation (or logical implication), and it can be clarified with the following sentences:a. Tom divorced Jane. b. Jane was Tom’s wife. In terms of truth value, the following relationships exist between these two sentences: when A is true, B must be also true; when B is false, A must also be false. When B is true, A may be true or false. Therefore we can say A entails B.
What are the three kinds of antonymy?
答案是：教师释疑：
(Omit.)
What are the sense relations between the following groups of words? Dogs, cats, pets, parrots; trunk, branches, tree, ro
答案是：教师释疑：
Hyponymy, metonymy or part-whole relationship
In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an __________ clause
答案是：教师释疑：
embedded
A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.
答案是：教师释疑：
complexx
Reference
答案是：教师释疑：
Reference: It is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.
Componential analysis
答案是：教师释疑：
Compositional analysis: It defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, or semantic features. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE. Similarly girl may be analyzed into HUMAN, YOUNG and FEMALE.
If we take it as rule that language is intimately related to culture, then how do the kinship words, such as uncle and a
答案是：教师释疑：
In China, Chinese has a more strict and complex relationship system. So in Chinese there are a lot more kinship words than in English.
Is American English superior to African English? Why or why not?
答案是：教师释疑：
American English is not superior to African English. As different branches of English, African English and American English are equal. Similar as they are, they are influenced by their respective cultural context and thus form respective systems of pronunciation, words and even grammar...
The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is gram
答案是：教师释疑：
predicate
A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.
答案是：教师释疑：
subjectt
Regional dialect
答案是：教师释疑：
Regional dialect: Regional dialect, also social or class dialect, is a speech variety spoken by the members of a particular group or stratum of a speech community.
Lingua franca
答案是：教师释疑：
Lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a common speech for social contact among groups of people who speaks different native languages or dialects.
Synchronic linguistics
答案是：教师释疑：
Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.
Competence
答案是：教师释疑：
Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker’s knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.
A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, q
答案是：教师释疑：
sentence
A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own s
答案是：教师释疑：
simplee
Sociolinguistics
答案是：教师释疑：
Sociolinguistics: Defined in its broadest way, sociolinguistics, a subdiscipline of linguistics, is the study of language in relation to society. It is concerned with language variation, language use, the impact of extra-linguistic factors on language use, etc.
Register
答案是：教师释疑：
Register: Register, also situational dialect, refers to the language variety appropriate for use in particular speech situations on which degrees of formality depends.
Displacement
答案是：教师释疑：
Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.
Design feature
答案是：教师释疑：
Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.
Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________.
答案是：教师释疑：
affix,boundroot
A word formed by derivation is called a __________, and a word formed by compounding is called a __________.
答案是：教师释疑：
derivative, compoundd
Performative
答案是：教师释疑：
Performative: In speech act theory an utterance which performs an act, such as Watch out (= a warning).
Conversational implicature
答案是：教师释疑：
Conversational implicature: In our daily life, speakers and listeners involved in conversation are generally cooperating with each other. In other words, when people are talking with each other, they must try to converse smoothly and successfully. In accepting speakers’ presuppositions, listeners have to assume that a speaker is not trying to mislead them. This sense of cooperation is simply one in which people having a conversation are not normally assumed to be trying to confuse, trick, or withhold relevant information from one another. However, in real communication, the intention of the speaker is often not the literal meaning of what he or she says. The real intention implied in the words is called conversational implicature.
Q-principle (Horn)
答案是：教师释疑：
Horn’s Q-principle: (1) Make your contribution sufficient (cf. quantity); (2) Say as much as you can (given R).
Locutionary act
答案是：教师释疑：
Locutionary act: A locutionary act is the saying of something which is meaningful and can be understood.
Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level.
答案是：教师释疑：
morpheme
__________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle Engli
答案是：教师释疑：
conversionn
Trace theory
答案是：教师释疑：
IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents – word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.
Hierarchical structure
答案是：教师释疑：
Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.
Cohesion
答案是：教师释疑：
Cohesion: The Cohesion shows whether a certain tagmeme is dominating other tagmemes or is dominated by others.
FSP
答案是：FSP: It stands for Functional Sentence Perspective. It is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to an analysis of utterances (or texts) in terms of the information they contain.
__________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.
答案是：教师释疑：
back-formation
A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verb
答案是：教师释疑：
close, openn
IC analysis
答案是：教师释疑：
IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents – word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.
Syntax
答案是：Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.
What is behaviorism? What is behaviorism in linguistics? What is the relationship between linguistics and behaviorism ac
答案是：教师释疑：
Ommit
Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics?
答案是：教师释疑：
Ommit
All words may be said to contain a root __________.
答案是：教师释疑：
morpheme
] Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: __________, __________ and __________.
答案是：教师释疑：
solid, hyphenated, openn
Morphological rule
答案是：教师释疑：
Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.
Closed-class word
答案是：教师释疑：
Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.
Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis
答案是：：
(1) more | beautiful flowers(2) more beautiful | flowers
What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? （武汉大学，2004）
答案是：
An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.
Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________.
答案是：教师释疑：
vocabulary
An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a word.
答案是：
initialism, acronymm
Allomorph
答案是：
Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.
Blending
答案是：Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)
What are the main features of the English compounds?
答案是：
Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.
How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? （厦门大学，2003）
答案是：Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.
In Halliday’s view, the __________ function is not the function that the child uses to know about his surroundings.
答案是：参考答案：ACD
Chomsky does not follow __________ in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.
A.empiricismm
B.behaviorismm
答案是：参考答案：ABD
The rheme in the sentence “On it stood Jane” is not __________.
A.On itt
B.stood
C.On it stoodd
答案是：参考答案：ABC
TG grammar has NOT seen __________ stages of development.
A.three
B.four
C.five
D.six
答案是：参考答案：ABD
The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of __________.
答案是：参考答案：A
A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.
A.pragmaticc
答案是：参考答案：B
The person who is often described as “father of modern linguistics” is __________..
A.Firthh
B.Saussuree
答案是：参考答案：C
What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.
答案是：参考答案：D
A linguistic _______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.
答案是：参考答案：D
In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social
答案是：参考答案：A
A phoneme is a group of similar sounds did call__________.
A.minimal pairss
B.allomorphss
C.phoness
答案是：参考答案：ABC
Generally speaking, the __________ specifies whether a certain tagmeme is NOT in the position of the Nucleus or of the M
答案是：参考答案：ABD
_________ Grammar is NOT the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing Indo-European languages.
答案是：参考答案：BCD
__________ Grammar started from the American linguist Sydney M. Lamb in the late 1950s and the early 1960s.
A.Str
答案是：参考答案：A
“We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______
A.the conceptualist vieww
答案是：参考答案：B
The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.
A.blendingg
B.clipping
C.back-formationn
答案是：参考答案：A
Which of the following is NOT true?
A.Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
B
答案是：参考答案：D
All of them are meaningful except for __________.
A.lexemee
B.phonemee
C.morphemee
D.allomorph
答案是：参考答案：B
The naming theory is advanced by ________.
A.Platoo
B.Bloomfield
C.Geoffrey Leechh
D.Firth
答案是：参考答案：A
The stem of disagreements is __________.
A.agreementt
B.agreee
C.disagree
D.disagreement
答案是：参考答案：D
The word TB is NOT formed in the way of __________.
A.acronymyy
B.clippingg
C.initialismm
D.blen
答案是：参考答案：ABD
“Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”
A.is synonymous withh
B.is inconsistent with
C.ent
答案是：参考答案：D
__________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is though
答案是：参考答案：ACD
___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
答案是：参考答案：ACD
The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.
A.derivational affixx
B.inflectional affi
答案是：参考答案：B
“Alive” and “dead” are ______________.
A.gradable antonymss
B.relational antonyms
C.complementary anto
答案是：参考答案：C
In English –ise and –tion are called __________.
A.prefixess
B.suffixes
C.infixess
D.stems
答案是：参考答案：B
There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.
A.three
B.four
C.five
D.six
答案是：参考答案：C
___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
A.Polysemyy
B
答案是：参考答案：C
_________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
答案是：参考答案：A
Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are NOT called __________ morpheme.
A.inflectionall
答案是：参考答案：BCD
Words that are close in meaning areNOT called ______________.
A.homonymss
B.polysemiess
C.hyponymss
答案是：参考答案：ABC
The grammaticality of a sentence is NOT governed by _______.
A.grammatical ruless
B.selectional restriction
答案是：参考答案：BCD
Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?
A.[i:]
B.[u]
C.[e
答案是：参考答案：B
The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its __________.
A.use of wordss
B.use
答案是：参考答案：C
Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?
A. [n]
B. [m]
C. [ b ]
答案是：参考答案：A
Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.
A.lexical wordss
B.grammatical wordss
C.fu
答案是：参考答案：A
What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?
A.Voicelesss
B.Voicedd
C.Glottal s
答案是：参考答案：B
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