（ ）generally do not change part of speech whereas（）do.
答案是：
prefixes|suffixes
In hyponymy the term which denotes something general is （）and the term which（）conveys a specific meaning is（）
答案是：
context|linguistic|extra-linguistic|non-linguistic
The form which remains after removing an inflectional affix is called （）
答案是：stem
The stylistic features of words form their （）meaning.
答案是：
stylistic
The words which are fully identical in meaning are called absolute（）and all the others care called（）synonyms.
答案是：synonym|relative
The connection between sound and （）is arbitrary and（） .
答案是：
meaning|conventional
The words which are involved in conversion are nouns, （）and （） .
答案是：verbs|adjectives
The three main foreign languages that have affected the English vocabulary most are ______, ______ and ______
答案是：
Latin|Greek|Scandinavian
Generally speaking, ______ do not change part of speech of the stems but their meaning, whereas ______ do.
答案是：
suffixes
In hyponymy the term which denotes something general is （） and the term which conveys a specific meaning is（）
答案是：
superordinate|subordinate
A word is the（）free form which has a give sound, （）and （）function.
答案是：
minimal|smallest|meaning|syntactic
The modes of semantic change in words include extension, narrowing, （） , degradation and（）.
答案是：elevation| amelioration|transfer|transference
The three major means of word-formation are （）, （）and（）
答案是：affixation|compounding|conversion
The form which remains after all affixes are removed is called（）
答案是：root
The three main foreign languages that have affected the English vocabulary most are ______, ______ and ______.
答案是：concept
The major foreign elements which contribute greatly to English vocabulary are（）, Greek, French and（） .
答案是：
Latin|Scandinavian
（）field refers to a set of words which are semantically （） .
答案是：
semantic|related
（） motivation refers to the words whose meanings are suggested by theirmorphological structure.
答案是：morphological
A minimal meaningful unit of a language is ______.
答案是：
morpheme|prefixes
What are the differences between true idioms, regular combinations and semi-idioms?
答案是：
combinations|individual|constituents|idioms|regular
Explain the characteristics of idioms with examples.
答案是：
constituents|positions |idiom|characteristics|examples
How can you distinguish synonyms? Illustrate your point with examples
答案是：
denotation|connotation|application|distinguish|synonyms
The guy is running after the girl with a bouquet of flowers. Study the above sentence and find out any ambiguity in it.
答案是：
ambiguity|sentence|polysemy|improve|sentence
Explain the differences of relative synonyms with examples.
答案是：
synonyms|slender|commence|relative|examples
analyze the morphological structures of following words and point out the types of the morphemes.Recollection, nationali
答案是：
morphemes|recollection|nationalist|morphological|structures
What are the major differences between content words and functional words?
答案是：words|numerous|functional|major|differences
.Pick out the idioms in the following extract and explain its origin and the effect of using this form."Well, it.s the o
答案是：
prover|forcible|provoking|idioms|following
Explain the difference between partial conversion and full conversion with examples.
答案是：
conversion|Adjectives|difference|between|partial
The .pen. is mightier than the .sword.. Explain what .pen. and .sword. mean respectively using the theory of motivation.
答案是：
Motivation|accounts|motivation|respectively|theory
The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is ______.
答案是：morpheme
Usage notes of the dictionary explain ______.
答案是：
all the above
American dictionaries generally use ______ to mark the pronunciation.
答案是：
Webster's Phonetic Alphabet
The change of idiom "velvet paws" from the original form is ______.
答案是：
shortening
"Flesh and blood" is an idiom ______ in nature.
答案是：nominal
old English
答案是：
the language used in England from 450 to 1150.
transfer
答案是：
Words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.
What are the major differences between conceptual meaning and associative meaning?
答案是：Conceptual meanings are basic, universal and stable whereas associative meanings are secondary, personal, and interdeterminate.
What are the clues generally provided in verbal context?
答案是：
Key points:definition; explanation; example; synonymy; antonymy; hyponymy; relevant details and word structure.
Definition, extra column and usage _________ are the unique features of Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary (198
答案是：examples
The characteristic of idioms —_________ unity can be reflected by the understanding of such idiom as "rain cats and dogs
答案是：
semantic
The sentence "He is a hard businessman" is ambiguous due to _________.
答案是：polysemy
Fortuitous formerly denoted .happening by chance., .accidental. and later took on the meaning .fortunate. probably by __
答案是：
analogy
Semantically, all _________ are related in one way or another.
答案是：
words
specialized dictionary
答案是：
Specialized dictionary refers to a dictionary which concentrates on a particular area of language or knowledge
allomorph
答案是：
one of the variants that realize a morpheme
What are the major sources of English synonyms? Illustrate your points.
答案是：
Key points:borrowing; dialects and regional English; figurative and euphemistic use of words; coincidence with idiomatic expressions.
How many types of motivation are there in English? Give ONE example for each type.
答案是：
There are four types of motivation: 1）Onomatopoeic motivation, e.g. cuckoo, squeak, quack, etc. 2）Morphological motivation, e.g. airmail, reading-lamp, etc. 3）Semantic motivation, e.g. the mouth of the river, the foot of the mountain, etc. 4）Etymological motivation, e.g. pen, laconic, etc.
The synonymous pair "die — pass away" has the same _________ but different stylistic values.
答案是：
concept
The process of changing the word "possible" into "impossible" is called _________.
答案是：
prefixation
The forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function are _________.
答案是：
affixes
At the end of 6th century, Latin-speaking missionaries under St. Augustine came to spread Christianity in Britain. It br
答案是：religious
The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over one _________ words.
答案是：
million
Germanic
答案是：
a term used to refer to a branch of the Indo-European language family, which consists of English, German, Dutch, etc.
idioms nominal in nature
答案是：
(1)Each idiom has a noun as the key word. (2)Each functions as a noun/also knows as noun idioms.
pejoration
答案是：
Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.
What is collocative meaning? Give one example to illustrate your point.
答案是：
Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by words before or after the word in discussion. For example, 'pretty' and 'handsome' share the conceptual meaning of 'good looking', but are distinguished by the range of nouns they collocate with: pretty handsome
What is dismembering?
答案是：（1）break up an idiom into pieces （2）an unusual case of using idioms （3）in literature or popular press for special effect
Monolingual dictionaries are written in ________ language.
答案是：
one
Idioms consist of set ________ and short sentences.
答案是：
phrase
Ambiguity often arises due to ________ and homonymy.
答案是：
polysemy
Vocabulary is the most ________ element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content.
答案是：
unstable
Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully ________ with regard to spelling and pronunciation.
答案是：
identical
dictionary
答案是：
Dictionary is a book which presents in alphabetical order the words of a language, with information as to their spelling, pronunciation, meaning usage, etc.
specialization
答案是：
the opposite of widening meanin9
] conceptual meaning
答案是：
conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meanin9
What.s the fundamental difference between radiation and concatenation? Illustrate your points.
答案是：
Radiation Concatenation i) primary meaning i) first sense
How do you distinguish inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?
答案是：
Inflectional affixes are affixes (1) attached to the end of words; (2) to indicate grammatical relationships, while derivational affixes are affixes; (3) added to other morphemes; (4) to create new words.
Semantic ________ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word
答案是：motivation
The formation of words by adding word-forming affixes to stems is called ________.
答案是：
affixation
We might say that free morphemes are free ________.
答案是：roots
Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: ________, semantic change and borrowing.
答案是：
creation
When we talk about a word in visual terms, a word can be defined as a ________ group of letters printed or written horiz
答案是：meaningful
semantic change
答案是：
Semantic change means mn old word form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need
prefixation
答案是：
Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems
extra-linguistic context
答案是：extra．1inguistic context=non-linguistic context = physical situation
How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.
答案是：A)Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases. B)Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation; it's the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.
What are the stylistic features of idioms?
答案是：
(1)Many idioms were created in different professions, so they were trade-or profession-related, colloquial and informal. (2)Now most become a part of the common core, neither formal nor informal. (3)There are still many colloquialisms, slang expressions, literary expressions comparatively small in number.
Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being ________ and the other opposite
答案是：negative
Red, scarlet, mauve, violet, lavender, pansy, black, purple, etc, make up the ________field of colours‘
答案是：
semantic
Pavement‖ in British English and ―sidewalk‖ in American English have the same ________.
答案是：
sense
The chief function of ________ is not to change the word class of the stem, but to change its meaning.
答案是：prefixes
Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as ________ morphemes.
答案是：
inflectional
grammatical context
答案是：
The meaning of a word that is influenced by the structure in which it occurs.
concatenation
答案是：
A semantic process in which each of the later meanings is related only to the preceding one like chains.
collocative meaning
答案是：The word-meaning which is suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.
What are the major differences between basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary?
答案是：
(1)Basic word stock possesses five obvious characteristics，but nonbasic vocabulary doesn‘t (2)Basic word stock forms the common，core of the language，whereas nonbasic vocabulary deesn‘t belong to the common core of the language．
What are the three areas to account for the difference between synonyms? Illustrate your points.
答案是：
(I)difference in denotation (2)difference in connotation ． (3)difference in application
Content words have both meanings, and ___________ meaning in particular.
答案是：
1exical
Compounds are different from free phrases in ___________ unit.
答案是：semantic
Context can help eliminate ambiguity, provide clues for inferring word-meaning and give ___________ of referents.
答案是：indication
The attitudes of classes have made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or ___________.
答案是：
degradation
The Norman Conquest in 1066 started a continual flow of ___________ words into English.
答案是：
French
free morphemes
答案是：Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with root words.
creation (as a mode of vocabulary development)
答案是：
Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements.
idiom
答案是：
Expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements.
] What is semantic unity of idioms?
答案是：
(1)an idiom may consist of more than one word，each has its meanin9，and part of speech· (2)has a single meaning (3)functions as one word—equivalent (4)In many ca8es，illogical relationship between the literal meaning of the constituent word and the meaning of the whole idiom
Supply two examples to illustrate that the influx of borrowings has caused some words to change in meaning.
答案是：
pig/pork, sheep/mutton In old English, animals and their meat shared the same name. with the Norman Conquest and borrowing of corresponding French words, the English words were kept only for live animals and the French words for the animals killed and brought to the table.
Almost ,all affixes are ________morphemes because few can be used as independent words.
答案是：
bound
When a word with more than one meaning is used in unclear context, it creates________
答案是：
ambiguity
The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary or_______.
答案是：conventional
The word ____________has the old meaning "servant" and the elevated meaning "head of a ministry, "
答案是：
minister
______ meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs, etc.
答案是：Grammatical
connotation
答案是：The associations suggested by the conceptual meaning
homonym
答案是：Words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling
What is the remarkable feature of Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English ?
答案是：
1）compiled on the principle of semantic field;(1分) 2）some 15,000 items classified into fourteen semantic fields of a practical everyday nature 3）subfields also included 4）semantically related words defining one another
What is suffixation? Give an example to illustrate your point
答案是：Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to sterms. Suffixes generally change the word class.For example, ―economy‖ is a verb, but ―employer‖ becomes a noun when the suffix –er is added to the stem ―employ‖.
Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability, but have limited _____.
答案是：productivity and collocability
The opposite of semantic elevation in meaning change is called _____.
答案是：degradation 或 pejoration
Antonyms are classified on the basis of _____.
答案是：
semantic opposition
LDCE is a _____ dictionary.
答案是：monolingual
The same idiom may show _____ differences when it is used in different meanings including affective meaning
答案是：stylistic
morpheme
答案是：
The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.
monolingral dictionary
答案是：
A dictionary written in one language, or a dictionary in which entries are defined in the same language.
stylistic meaning
答案是：
.The distinctive stylistic features of words which make them appropriate for different context.
How do you account for the context function as indication of referents?
答案是：
English has a large number of words such as now/then, here/there, i/you, this/that, used to refer directly to people， time， place， etc. without clear context， the reference can be very confusing. For example the word now always means the time of speaking, naturally referring to a past time when the speech took place in the past or a present moment if the person is speaking. It is the same with all referring expressions. Even a phrase like the Prime Minister may bring about ambuiguity without adequent verbal context, for it can be used to refer to any of the Prime Minister in British history.
Decide whether the following statement is true or false, based on your understanding of the characteristics of antonyms.
答案是：
Contrary terms are gradable antonyms， differing in degree of intensity， so each has its own corresponding opposition. For example, hot and warm are synonyms. Their difference lies in intensity. Correspondingly, they each have a different antonym. The opposite of hot is cold and that of warm is cool. We cannot regard cool as the antonym of hot or cold as the antonym of warm.
Physical situation or environment relating to the use of words is ________________ context.
答案是：
extralinguistic/non-linguistic
In the phrase "the mouth of the river",the word "mouth" is _________________ motivated.
答案是：
semantically
CCELD is a ________________ dictionary.
答案是：
monolingual
The language used in England between 450 and 1150is called _________________.
答案是：
OLD English
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